Pro Cycling Manager Giro D`italia 2011 Download Free

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Palfinger Crane Service Manual. Cycling is a not weight-bearing activity and is known to induce bone resorption. Stage races are really strenuous endurance performances affecting the energy homeostasis. The recently highlighted link, in the co-regulation of bone and energy metabolism, demonstrates a central role for the equilibrium between carboxylated and undercarboxylated forms of osteocalcin. Aim of this study was to understand the acute physiological responses to a cycling stage race in terms of bone turnover and energy metabolism and the possible co-regulative mechanisms underlying their relationship. We studied nine professional cyclists engaged in 2011 Giro d’Italia stage race. Pre-analytical and analytical phases tightly followed academic and anti-doping authority’s recommendations. Bone and energy metabolism markers (bone alkaline phosphatase, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b, total and undercarboxylated osteocalcin, leptin and adiponectin) and related hormones (cortisol and testosterone) were measured, by Sandwich Enzyme Immunoassays, at days -1 (pre-race), 12 and 22 during the race.

The power output and the energy expenditure (mean and accumulated) were derived and correlated with the biochemical indexes. During the race, bone metabolism showed that an unbalance in behalf of resorption, which is enhanced, occurred along with a relative increase in the concentration of the undercarboxylated form of osteocalcin that was indirectly related to the enhanced energy expenditure, through adipokines modifications, with leptin decrease (high energy consumption) and adiponectin increase (optimization of energy expenditure). The exertion due to heavy effort induced a decrease of cortisol, while testosterone levels resulted unchanged. In conclusion, during a 3-weeks stage race, bone metabolism is pushed towards resorption. A possible relationship between the bone and the energy metabolisms is suggested by the relative correlations among absolute and relative concentrations trends of undercarboxylated OC, adipokines concentrations, BMI, fat mass (%), power output and the derived energy expenditure. Anthropometric and power-related measurements across the stage race. No drugs or supplements influencing the iron metabolism were taken by athletes; only non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and antibiotics were administered where needed.

The Giro 2011 was a “no-needle” race: therapies and drugs were allowed only for evident diseases. Diet was strictly controlled by team physicians and was composed by a 45% of carbohydrates, 36% of proteins and 19% of lipids. The caloric intake was balanced on the base of the energy expenditure; it was set at 6000 kcal/day and kept for the whole study. Blood drawings were performed on the day before the start (day -1), and on days 12 and 22 of the race ().

At day -1 athletes performed 3 h of light training at 55% VO 2max including a short bout (30 min) of medium-high levels sub-threshold commitment at 60% VO 2max. The diet on day -1 had the same composition of that carried out during the race. Blood Drawings Pre-analytical warnings were strictly followed to avoid any possible factor affecting the analytical phase. Particularly, International Cyclist Union (UCI) and World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) guidelines for collection and transport of specimens were followed. Blood was drawn between 08 00 and 10 00 h in fasting subjects resting in bed ten minutes after their awaking. Evacuated tubes (BD Vacutainer Systems, Becton–Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) were used for analytes measurement (BD K 2EDTA 3.5 mL and 7.0 mL plain tubes, BD SSTII Advance). Immediately after drawing, tubes were inverted ten times and stored in a sealed box at 4°C.

Controlled temperature was assured during transportation: a specific tag (Libero Ti1, Elpro, Buchs, Switzerland) was used for temperature measurement and recording. Samples were transported by car or by both train and car: the time elapsed from drawing to laboratory was 1 h 30 min at day -1, 7 h 50 min at day 12, and 1 h 30 min at day 22. The differences in delay were due to the sampling performed in places at different distances from the laboratory. Such delays do not affect the analytical output for the measured parameters. The K 2EDTA-anticoagulated blood was homogenized for 15 min prior to be analyzed, as recommended by UCI and WADA.